Until the end of the 19th century, all welding processes were limited to relatively thin materials because there was no efficient way to provide adequate shielding of more complex parts during heating. In some cases especially with thinner materials friction stirring welding can be used in place of fusion methods. The most common methods rely on either electric current (electric arc welding), high-energy laser beams (laser beam welding), electron beam welding, or an oxyacetylene torch for producing heat. Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce a weld. In addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is typically added to the joint to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to form a joint with properties different from those of the base material. Welding is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as soldering and brazing, which do not melt the base metal. Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by using high heat to melt the parts together and allowing them to cool causing fusion.
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